The 'Svalbard Global Seed Vault' in Norway, built deep inside a mountain on the remote Arctic island of Spitsbergen, relies on permafrost and rock stability to protect crop diversity from global catastrophes.

Snottites, microbial mats found in hydrogen sulfide-rich caves, produce sulfuric acid with a pH as low as 0 to 1, capable of dissolving rock and actively shaping cave passages.

Penelope J. Boston, Diana E. Northup, Kenneth Ingham, others

Geysers exist on other celestial bodies, with active cryo-geysers on Neptune's moon Triton erupting plumes of nitrogen ice and dust hundreds of kilometers into space.

Voyager 2 probe team

The 'Cryogenian Period' experienced a 'Cryogenian interglacial period' between the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations, a relatively warmer interval characterized by anoxic oceans an...

The Earth's inner core, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy, rotates slightly faster than the rest of the planet, completing an extra revolution approximately every 700 to 1,200 year...

Xiaodong Song, Paul Richards

The 'Pahoehoe' lava flows, characterized by smooth, ropy surfaces, can advance at speeds of up to several meters per minute (tens of feet per minute) on steep slopes, making them s...