Mimivirus, discovered in 1992 and identified in 2003, was initially mistaken for a bacterium due to its unusually large size of around 400 nanometers and complex genome encoding over 900 genes, challenging the traditional definition of viruses.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), not protein, is responsible for the peptidyl transferase activity that forms peptide bonds during protein synthesis, making the ribosome a "ribozyme."

Thomas Cech, Sidney Altman

Normal human somatic cells can only divide a finite number of times, typically around 40-60 divisions, a phenomenon known as the Hayflick Limit, before entering senescence or apopt...

Leonard Hayflick

The 'gate control theory of pain,' proposed by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in 1965, explained how pain signals can be modulated by non-painful stimuli and psychological factors...

Ronald Melzack, Patrick Wall