Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

The soul is a spiritual substance, not a body, nor an accident existing in a body, nor a form inherent in a body.

The existence of God is a necessary existence, and His essence is His existence.

The world is eternal, not created in time, but eternally emanating from God.

Prophecy is a natural faculty of the soul, not a supernatural intervention.

The resurrection of the body is not rationally demonstrable, but accepted through revelation.

The human intellect can, through its own power, attain knowledge of universals without relying solely on sensory experience.

The soul's immortality is demonstrable through reason, independent of religious texts.

The physician must be a philosopher, for without philosophy, he cannot truly understand the nature of man and disease.

Disease is a deviation from the natural balance of the body's humors, and treatment aims to restore this balance.

The imagination has a powerful influence on the body, capable of causing or curing illness.

Experimentation is crucial for advancing medical knowledge, but it must be guided by reason and observation.

The universe is a necessary emanation from God, not a creation ex nihilo.

The active intellect is a separate, immaterial substance that illuminates the human intellect, enabling it to grasp universals.

Happiness is the ultimate goal of human life, achieved through the perfection of the rational soul.

The existence of evil does not contradict the goodness of God, as evil is a privation of good, not a positive entity.

The soul is not generated with the body, but rather pre-exists and unites with the body at a certain stage of development.

The world is governed by immutable laws, and miracles, if they occur, are not violations of these laws but rather manifestations of deeper, hidden laws.

Knowledge is not acquired through passive reception, but through the active engagement of the intellect with intelligible forms.

The purpose of philosophy is to attain knowledge of the truth, which leads to human perfection and happiness.

The existence of God can be proven through the argument from contingency, demonstrating that there must be a necessary existent.