Cleopatra — "I am a queen by birth and by will."
I am a queen by birth and by will.
I am a queen by birth and by will.
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"I am the embodiment of the Nile."
"To die is better than to live in shame."
"I would rather die than be a Roman prisoner."
"I will kill myself rather than be taken captive."
"Let my enemies tremble."
Last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt who allied with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony; her suicide ended the Egyptian dynasty. Closely associated with Mark Antony (her partner and co-suicide) and Julius Caesar (her earlier ally and father of Caesarion). For an intellectual contrast, see Augustus, first Roman emperor (Octavian) — Augustus's defeat of Cleopatra at Actium ended Hellenistic Egypt and started the Roman imperial era. His propaganda machine framed Cleopatra as the foreign queen threatening Roman virtue — the founding template of East-corruption-versus-Roman-discipline rhetoric.
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