Simone de Beauvoir — "It is in the knowledge of the human heart that we find the true measure of man."
It is in the knowledge of the human heart that we find the true measure of man.
It is in the knowledge of the human heart that we find the true measure of man.
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"If you want to be happy, you must be free."
"Freedom is what you do with what's been done to you."
"I have spent my whole life trying to understand what it means to be a woman."
"The only way to be truly free is to be free from yourself."
"There is no way to be a woman. There are only ways of being a woman."
French existentialist philosopher whose The Second Sex (1949) is the foundational text of modern feminist theory. Closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre (lifetime partner and existentialist co-founder) and Albert Camus (existentialist contemporary in Paris). For an intellectual contrast, see Camille Paglia, American cultural critic and Sexual Personae author — Paglia argues for biological-essentialist roots of gender that Beauvoir's social-construction view — 'one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman' — explicitly rejects. The two are the cleanest constructed-vs-essentialist poles in feminist theory.
The standard scholarly entry points to Simone de Beauvoir's work: Toril Moi (Duke, James B. Duke Distinguished Professor) — Simone de Beauvoir: The Making of an Intellectual Woman (1994); Margaret A. Simons (Southern Illinois University, Emerita) — Beauvoir and The Second Sex (1999); Kate Kirkpatrick (Oxford, Regent's Park College) — Becoming Beauvoir: A Life (2019). These are the works graduate seminars cite when teaching Simone de Beauvoir.
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