Arthur Schopenhauer — "The more perfect a being is, the more it suffers."
The more perfect a being is, the more it suffers.
The more perfect a being is, the more it suffers.
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"The only thing that makes life bearable is art."
"We can regard our life as a uselessly disturbing episode in the blissful repose of nothingness."
"The life of man is a constant struggle against pain and boredom."
"The world is not to be enjoyed, but to be overcome."
"Women are the causa causorum of all human misery."
German philosopher of pessimism whose The World as Will and Representation (1819) defined the suffering-and-renunciation tradition. Closely associated with Immanuel Kant (the system Schopenhauer built on and revised). For an intellectual contrast, see G.W.F. Hegel, German Idealist of the rational unfolding of Spirit — Schopenhauer scheduled his Berlin lectures opposite Hegel's and spent decades attacking Hegel's optimistic system as deliberately mystifying nonsense — the foundational rivalry of 19th-century German philosophy.
The standard scholarly entry points to Arthur Schopenhauer's work: Bryan Magee (Oxford, populariser-philosopher) — The Philosophy of Schopenhauer (1983); Christopher Janaway (Southampton, Schopenhauer specialist) — Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy (1989); David E. Cartwright (Wisconsin–Whitewater) — Schopenhauer: A Biography (2010). These are the works graduate seminars cite when teaching Arthur Schopenhauer.
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