Niels Bohr — "We are not to think of atoms as things, but as connections."
We are not to think of atoms as things, but as connections.
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More from Niels Bohr
"It is not the job of science to tell us how the world is, but what we can say about it."
"The very act of observing changes the observed."
"The best weapon of a dictatorship is secrecy, but the best weapon of a democracy should be the weapon of openness."
"We are all in the same boat, in a stormy sea, and we owe each other a terrible loyalty."
"No, no, you're not thinking; you're just being logical."
Details
Attributed, reflects his emphasis on relationships and interactions in quantum mechanics.
Date: c. 1930s
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Understanding this quote
What it means
Physical reality isn't made of fixed, solid objects sitting in isolation. Atoms are better understood as patterns of interaction and relationship — what we observe depends on how things connect and relate to each other. Reality is fundamentally relational, not thing-like. The properties we assign to particles only make sense within the context of measurement, entanglement, and interaction with other systems.
Relevance to Niels Bohr
Bohr pioneered complementarity — the principle that quantum entities behave as waves or particles depending on how you observe them. His Copenhagen interpretation rejected classical object-based thinking entirely. He debated Einstein repeatedly over whether quantum mechanics described an objective reality or only relationships between systems and observers. This quote crystallizes his lifelong insistence that quantum physics demands abandoning naive materialism.
The era
The early-to-mid 20th century saw classical Newtonian physics collapse under quantum and relativistic discoveries. As atomic bombs demonstrated devastating power, physicists grappled with what atoms fundamentally are. Bohr's relational ontology emerged amid fierce debates about quantum reality's nature — Einstein vs. Bohr, determinism vs. probability — reshaping how science understood matter itself during a period of profound technological and philosophical upheaval.
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