Alan Turing — "The works and customs of mankind do not seem to be very suitable material to whi…"
The works and customs of mankind do not seem to be very suitable material to which to apply scientific induction.
The works and customs of mankind do not seem to be very suitable material to which to apply scientific induction.
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"The computer is a tool for extending the human intellect."
"The question, 'Can machines think?' should be replaced by 'Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?'"
"It seems probable that once the machine thinking method had started, it would not take long to outstrip our feeble powers and would take control."
"We are trying to make a brain."
"Machines take me by surprise very often."
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Human behavior and social customs resist scientific analysis because they are too variable, context-dependent, and shaped by individual will. Unlike physical phenomena that follow consistent laws, what people do and how societies operate cannot be reliably predicted or systematized through empirical observation and pattern-matching alone. Human affairs defy the neat generalizations that science depends on.
Turing built machines that processed logic with absolute precision, yet this observation reveals his awareness of science's limits. As someone who cracked Enigma by exploiting systematic patterns in German military communications, he understood deeply when patterns existed and when they didn't. His own persecution for homosexuality—an irrational social custom—personally demonstrated how human behavior defies rational induction.
Written in the early 1950s, amid post-war optimism about applying scientific rationalism to human problems—behaviorism, cybernetics, social engineering. Governments believed computation and systems thinking could optimize society. Turing, working at the dawn of computing, pushed back against naive scientism, recognizing that the messy, culturally embedded nature of human customs resists the clean formalism his machines demanded.
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