Peter the Great — "I shall cut a window through to Europe."
I shall cut a window through to Europe.
I shall cut a window through to Europe.
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"Better a city of wood that looks like stone than a city of stone that looks like wood."
"I am not afraid of the devil himself, but I am afraid of a fool."
"I have created an army, but I cannot make it fight."
"I have built a city, but I cannot build a people."
"I have left my subjects more enlightened, but poorer."
Russian tsar (1682-1725) who Westernized Russia, founded St. Petersburg, and built Russia into a European great power. Closely associated with Catherine the Great (later Westernizing Russian empress). For an intellectual contrast, see Old Believers, Russian Orthodox traditionalist movement that rejected Patriarch Nikon's reforms and Peter's modernization — Peter's beard-shaving decrees, Western dress laws, and calendar changes triggered a religious-cultural schism — the founding poles of Russia's eternal 'European modernity vs Slavic tradition' debate that runs through Slavophiles, Solzhenitsyn, and contemporary Putin-era ideology.
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