Arthur Schopenhauer — "Reading is merely a substitute for thinking for oneself."
Reading is merely a substitute for thinking for oneself.
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More from Arthur Schopenhauer
"We forfeit three-fourths of ourselves in order to be like other people."
"The world is a stage on which a tragedy is performed, and the actors are all madmen."
"The world is not to be enjoyed, but to be overcome."
"The world is a collection of unhappy beings."
"The more a man has in himself, the less he will want from others."
About Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
German philosopher of pessimism whose The World as Will and Representation (1819) defined the suffering-and-renunciation tradition. Closely associated with Immanuel Kant (the system Schopenhauer built on and revised). For an intellectual contrast, see G.W.F. Hegel, German Idealist of the rational unfolding of Spirit — Schopenhauer scheduled his Berlin lectures opposite Hegel's and spent decades attacking Hegel's optimistic system as deliberately mystifying nonsense — the foundational rivalry of 19th-century German philosophy.
The standard scholarly entry points to Arthur Schopenhauer's work: Bryan Magee (Oxford, populariser-philosopher) — The Philosophy of Schopenhauer (1983); Christopher Janaway (Southampton, Schopenhauer specialist) — Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy (1989); David E. Cartwright (Wisconsin–Whitewater) — Schopenhauer: A Biography (2010). These are the works graduate seminars cite when teaching Arthur Schopenhauer.