Marquis de Sade — "There are no morals, there are only habits."
There are no morals, there are only habits.
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More from Marquis de Sade
"Fear and ignorance, you will continue, are two mainstays of any and all religions."
"Never yield to remorse, it is a cowardly feeling."
"There is no good or evil in nature, only force and necessity. It is men, in their arrogance, who dare to dictate laws to the universe, calling natural impulses 'virtue' or 'vice.' But nature knows no …"
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About Marquis de Sade (1740-1814)
French aristocrat-libertine whose name became 'sadism' and whose novels test the limits of Enlightenment liberalism's 'do as you will' axiom. Closely associated with Pierre Choderlos de Laclos (Les Liaisons dangereuses author). For an intellectual contrast, see Immanuel Kant, German Enlightenment philosopher of the categorical imperative — Sade and Kant published in the same decades; Kant's 'treat others as ends, never means' is the systematic ethical opposite of Sade's libertine instrumentalism — the two roads philosophy took out of Enlightenment freedom.
The standard scholarly entry points to Marquis de Sade's work: Maurice Blanchot (French literary critic) — Lautréamont and Sade (1949); Jacques Lacan (École freudienne de Paris) — Kant with Sade (1963 essay); Camille Paglia (University of the Arts Philadelphia) — Sexual Personae (1990) — extensive Sade chapters. These are the works graduate seminars cite when teaching Marquis de Sade.