Alan Turing — "May not machines carry out something which ought to be described as thinking but…"
May not machines carry out something which ought to be described as thinking but which is very different from what a man does?
May not machines carry out something which ought to be described as thinking but which is very different from what a man does?
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"The computer is a tool that can be used to extend the human mind."
"Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the gorgeous trapp…"
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"I am not afraid of computers. I am afraid of the people who program them."
"The human brain is a machine, and it can be simulated by another machine."
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Turing asks whether machines could perform a process that deserves the label 'thinking,' even if that process differs fundamentally from human cognition. He challenges the assumption that thinking must look or feel the same across all entities — opening the possibility that non-human intelligence is real intelligence, just operating by different mechanisms.
Turing spent his career reducing mental tasks to formal, mechanical operations — from Turing machines to the Bombe codebreaker. This question directly seeds his 1950 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence' paper and the Turing Test. He rejected the idea that biological substrate defines thought, likely shaped by his outsider status and unconventional mind.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, electronic computers had just emerged from wartime secrecy. Most scientists viewed machines as pure calculators, not thinkers. Cold War anxiety about automation, Soviet technology, and nuclear futures made questions about machine capability politically charged. Turing's question arrived precisely when humanity first had hardware capable of making it non-hypothetical.
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