Thomas Aquinas — "It is not lawful for a man to have more than one wife at a time."

It is not lawful for a man to have more than one wife at a time.
Thomas Aquinas — Thomas Aquinas Medieval · Catholic philosopher and theologian

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Summa Contra Gentiles, Book III, Chapter 123

Date: c. 1259-1265

General

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Understanding this quote

What it means

Marriage is an exclusive bond between one man and one woman — having multiple wives at the same time is morally and legally forbidden. The phrase 'at a time' is deliberate: it permits remarriage after a spouse's death but draws a hard line against concurrent plural marriage. Monogamy is not a cultural convention here but a binding moral requirement grounded in reason and divine order.

Relevance to Thomas Aquinas

Aquinas, a 13th-century Dominican friar, grounded all ethics in natural law — moral truths discoverable through reason reflecting God's design. In the Summa Theologica he analyzed marriage as ordered toward procreation, child-rearing, and mutual fidelity, functions he argued required exclusivity. Though Old Testament patriarchs practiced polygamy, Aquinas held that reason, fully developed, reveals monogamy as the rational and divinely intended norm.

The era

The 13th century saw the Catholic Church claiming sole jurisdiction over marriage law, having declared marriage a sacrament at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Meanwhile, contact with Islamic civilization — which permitted up to four wives — and the plain polygamy of Abraham, David, and Solomon in scripture created urgent theological tensions. Aquinas wrote to resolve them, anchoring monogamy in natural law and cementing Church doctrine against both traditions.

AI-generated insights based on extensive research and information for context. Factual errors? Email [email protected].

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