The development of capitalism proceeds unevenly in different countries. It cannot be otherwise under commodity production. From this, it follows that socialism cannot achieve victory simultaneously in all countries. It will achieve victory first in one or several countries, while the others will remain bourgeois or pre-bourgeois for some time.
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"The working class alone, of all classes, is consistently revolutionary."
"The way to conquer the enemy is to do what he doesn't expect."
"Of all the arts, for us the cinema is the most important."
"The Capitalists will sell us the rope with which we will hang them."
"Imperialism is the eve of the social revolution of the proletariat."
Russian revolutionary who led the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and founded the Soviet state; What Is to Be Done? (1902) shaped 20th-century revolutionary practice. Closely associated with Leon Trotsky (his Red Army organizer and 1917 partner) and Karl Marx (the source Lenin claimed (and adapted)). For an intellectual contrast, see Karl Popper, Austrian-British philosopher — Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) systematically attacked Marx-and-Lenin 'historical inevitability' as the philosophical structure that produces totalitarianism — Lenin's vanguard-party doctrine is Popper's primary 20th-century target.
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