Epicurus — "We should not believe in fate, but in our own free will."
We should not believe in fate, but in our own free will.
We should not believe in fate, but in our own free will.
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"Against all things it is possible to provide security, but as against death we all live in an unwalled city."
"It is not possible to dispel the fear of the most important things unless one understands the whole nature of the universe."
"The wise man is happy even on the rack."
"The pleasure which is sought after by the many is not true pleasure, but only the absence of pain."
"Natural wealth is both limited and easy to acquire; but the wealth defined by vain fancies is always beyond reach."
Greek philosopher who founded the Garden school in Athens, whose materialist atomism and pleasure-as-tranquility ethics shaped Hellenistic thought. Closely associated with Lucretius (Roman successor whose De Rerum Natura preserved Epicurean physics). For an intellectual contrast, see the Stoics (Zeno, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius), the Hellenistic ethical school of discipline-of-acceptance — Stoic 'live according to nature' and Epicurean 'pleasure and absence of pain' framed every ancient ethical decision — every Roman of Cicero's era was implicitly choosing one path or the other. The Stoic-Epicurean rivalry was the central philosophical debate of the Hellenistic and Roman world for 400 years.
The standard scholarly entry points to Epicurus's work: A.A. Long (UC Berkeley, Classics) — Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics (1974); Tim O'Keefe (Georgia State University, ancient philosophy) — Epicureanism (2010); David Sedley (Cambridge, Classics) — Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom (1998). These are the works graduate seminars cite when teaching Epicurus.
Letter to Menoeceus (referencing the rejection of determinism)
Date: c. 300 BCE
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