Arthur Schopenhauer — "Optimism is a truly wicked way of thinking."
Optimism is a truly wicked way of thinking.
Optimism is a truly wicked way of thinking.
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"The best thing a man can do is to remain a bachelor."
"The existence of evil is a proof that God is not omnipotent, or not benevolent, or both."
"The world is a spectacle for the gods."
"The greatest happiness for a man is to be free."
"It is a clear gain to sacrifice pleasure in order to avoid pain."
German philosopher of pessimism whose The World as Will and Representation (1819) defined the suffering-and-renunciation tradition. Closely associated with Immanuel Kant (the system Schopenhauer built on and revised). For an intellectual contrast, see G.W.F. Hegel, German Idealist of the rational unfolding of Spirit — Schopenhauer scheduled his Berlin lectures opposite Hegel's and spent decades attacking Hegel's optimistic system as deliberately mystifying nonsense — the foundational rivalry of 19th-century German philosophy.
The standard scholarly entry points to Arthur Schopenhauer's work: Bryan Magee (Oxford, populariser-philosopher) — The Philosophy of Schopenhauer (1983); Christopher Janaway (Southampton, Schopenhauer specialist) — Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy (1989); David E. Cartwright (Wisconsin–Whitewater) — Schopenhauer: A Biography (2010). These are the works graduate seminars cite when teaching Arthur Schopenhauer.
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