God in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, moveable particles, of such sizes and figures, and with such other properties, and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to the end for which he formed them.
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"I consider my experiments as a kind of play."
"It is the perfection of God's works that they are all done with the greatest simplicity."
"I have studied these things – you have not."
"As a blind man has no idea of colours, so have we no idea of the manner by which the all-wise God perceives and understands all things."
"Nature is pleased with simplicity, and affects not the pomp of superfluous causes."
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God deliberately engineered the fundamental building blocks of the universe — solid, hard, impenetrable particles (essentially atoms) — with specific sizes, shapes, and properties. Nothing was random; every physical characteristic was purposefully chosen to serve a divine goal. It argues that the material world's structure reflects intentional design, not accident. The physics we observe traces back to a Creator who made precise choices about what matter is and how it behaves.
Newton was as devoted to theology as to physics — he wrote over a million words on Biblical prophecy and spent decades studying scripture and alchemy. His atomistic view of matter directly underpinned his laws of motion: unchanging, hard particles ensured nature's rules stayed constant across time. He saw uncovering natural laws as reading God's mind. This quote appears in his Opticks (1704), where science and theology merge most explicitly.
The late 17th and early 18th centuries saw fierce debate between Aristotelian matter theory and the new mechanical philosophy, which explained everything through particles in motion. Descartes proposed fluid vortices; Newton countered with hard, discrete atoms governed by measurable forces. Natural theology — the idea that scientific discovery reveals God's handiwork — was intellectually mainstream across Europe, making Newton's fusion of atomism and divine intention entirely orthodox rather than controversial.
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